[模板] 輸入、輸出優化

　　多虧了輸入、輸出優化我搶到了人生第一次的topcoder，高興XD

輸入優化：

#define getchar getchar_unlocked

inline void input(int &_x)
{
    _x = 0;
    int _tmp = 1; char _tc = getchar();
    while((_tc < '0' || _tc > '9') && _tc != '-') _tc = getchar();
    if(_tc == '-') _tc = getchar(), _tmp = -1;
    while(_tc >= '0' && _tc <= '9') _x = _x*10+(_tc-48), _tc = getchar();
    _x *= _tmp;
}

連續輸入時：

#define getchar getchar_unlocked

inline bool input(int &_x)
{
    _x = 0;
    int _tmp = 1; char _tc = getchar();
    while((_tc < '0' || _tc > '9') && _tc != '-' && _tc != EOF) _tc = getchar();
    if(_tc == '-') _tc = getchar(), _tmp = -1;
    while(_tc >= '0' && _tc <= '9') _x = _x*10+(_tc-48), _tc = getchar();
    _x *= _tmp;
    return _x;
}

以EOF判斷輸入結束時：

#define getchar getchar_unlocked

inline bool input(int &_x)
{
    _x = 0;
    int _tmp = 1; char _tc = getchar();
    while((_tc < '0' || _tc > '9') && _tc != '-' && _tc != EOF) _tc = getchar();
    if(_tc == EOF) return false; 
    if(_tc == '-') _tc = getchar(), _tmp = -1;
    while(_tc >= '0' && _tc <= '9') _x = _x*10+(_tc-48), _tc = getchar();
    _x *= _tmp;
    return true;
}

輸出優化：

#define putchar putchar_unlocked

inline void output(int _x)
{
    char _buff[20]; int _f = 0;
    while(_x > 0)
    {
        _buff[_f++] = _x%10+'0';
        _x /= 10;
    }
    for(_f-=1; _f >= 0; _f--)
        putchar(_buff[_f]);
    putchar('\n');
}